Napoleon’s Fatal March Essay Example for Free

Napoleon’s Fatal March Essay While immeasurable literature on Napoleonic Wars exists, there are still some mysteries yet to be unveiled on the comprehension of both wars and the circumstances in which they came to. Perhaps the major mystery concerns the role of Russia in international relations in the Napoleonic era, misunderstood both in Russia and in other parts of the world. One of these literatures, Moscow 1812: Napoleons Fatal March analyses the state of affairs during the French Invasion of Russia and subsequent proceedings during Napoleon’s reign, that eventually marked an end to Napoleonic empire whose troop, while trying to access Moscow, were defeated. This history would not have been realized were it not for some influential military leaders at the time. Their leadership strategies influenced the 1812 campaign. One of the leaders was Alexander perhaps meeting him was one thing Napoleon regretted, being one of the most exciting Tsars because he was very contradictory. He was the ruler of Russia during the Napoleonic Wars and was victorious in many military campaigns. His contradictions were evident when, during his tenure, he introduced liberal reforms, after which he revoked them again in the second half of his tenure. The second leader was Bagration. In the wars of 1805 Bagrations achievements were noted at the Battle of Hollabrunn where he resisted and emerged victorious with only a small army, the continuous attacks of forces that were way bigger than his own in numbers. The eventual surrender of the forces helped him secure the major army that was being let by Kutuzov. This army was important in the war against the French and it had to be guarded. Kutuzov, a cunning leader, who was hated by many but adored by his soldiers, commanded the Russian corps in 1805 which did not agree with Napoleon’s encroachment on Vienna. He tried to stop allied generals from going to war on the Austerlitz eve, but the Tsar did not heed to his command, he thus did not take part in the planning arrangements so that he would not be blamed in case they lost. Kutuzov served as governor-general of Lithuania and Kiev from 1806 to 1811. He is honored for the victory the French. The Russian campaign’s outcome was very obvious but in every war they went to, both parties claimed to have won; by the end of 1812, however, it was clear the French had been defeated. Unfortunately for the Russians, they still could not be declared winners. This invasion marked a turning point in the history of Europe and the world as a whole. Approximately 450,000 soldiers were annihilated, reducing the French and its allied military to a very small figure of their original power and this caused a grand change in the politics of Europeans, since the earlier principal position of the French on the continent had been significantly reduced. It is noted that the French invasion failed because of the ambitions of Napoleon who did not consider what Alexander, his Russian ally, thought of him invading Moscow. In his book, Zamoyski has made possible the provision of accounts of the events that took place in Russia at the time. Personal accounts of the characters and in illustrating the attitudes, craftiness and alertness of the soldiers from both sides in the 1812 campaign, he depicts the plans of Alexander as a scheming leader, Napoleon as an ambitious and arrogant one, Kutuzov and Bagration as those leaders who brought liberation to Russia from the French. He also looks into their lives as they endured suffering during that period in futility. Reference: Zamosky A. (2005). Moscow 1812: Napoleon’s Fatal March. New York. HarperCollins

The Hofstra Production of Shakespeare’s Play, Loves Labors Lost :: Love Labor Lost

The Hofstra Production of Shakespeare’s Play, Love's Labor's Lost Well-educated college students who study Shakespeare’s plays tend to have mixed feelings on how to stage scenes. In Shakespeare's Love's Labor's Lost, the boy says, "An excellent device. Now Hercules destroys the snake." (5.2.137). Here he is supposed to be taken seriously and be bringing out a good point during the "Nine Worthies." In the Hofstra stage version he pretty much looks like a joke and his comments then become meaningless. He should have been appearing as a much more serious character, portraying the attitude of an intelligent young boy. As the production proceeded there were other distractions that caught the viewer's eye. Another major distraction was the running to the microphones to sing or to state an idea. If everyone else can hear the actors and actresses for the rest of the play what was the point of the microphones? Along with the microphones and running, the songs really tended to cause the audience to become less interested. The crowd’s attention goes towards the microphone and the rest of the play is ignored. Another major problem was the scenery. The stage was set the same for every scene, never changing, although the setting changed in the text version. For instance, when all the men, beginning with Berowne, confess that they broke the oath and fell in love they are in a forest-like setting. When the production took place there were no trees or bushes. When Berowne says, "I was behind the tree and heard everything so why are you lying "(4.3.80), the audience noticed there were no trees or any type of setting to resemble that. This makes the words sound bad if the scenery does not match what is being acted out. Once again distractions cause problems within a play. Although the messenger coming down the aisle was an interesting touch, it caused my eyes to leave the stage, the main focus. There are some positive opinions on this production. The ending scene was very well acted and stressed what really went on in the text.

Causes Of Myasthenia Gravis Health And Social Care Essay

Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune upset, the immune system attacks portion of the organic structure. In MG that portion is the muscular system. The organic structure produces antibodies that mark receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine on the musculus cells at neuromuscular junctions. Peoples with MG have a one -third the normal figure of acetylcholine receptors here. On a whole -body degree, this causes weak and easy fatigued musculuss. MG affects 100s of 1000s of people worldwide. Mostly adult females in their mid-twentiess or mid-thirtiess, and work forces in their 1960ss and 1970ss. The particular symptoms depend upon the site of onslaught. For 85 % of patients, the disease causes generalised musculus failing. Many people develop a characteristic level smiling and rhinal voice and have trouble mastication and get downing due to affected facial and neck musculuss. Many have limb failing. About 15 % of patients experience the unwellness merely in the musculuss environing their eyes. The disease reaches crisis degree when respiratory musculuss are affected, necessitating a ventilator to back up external respiration. MG does non impact esthesis or physiological reactions ( Shier, 2010 ) . Causes of Myasthenia Gravis The exact cause of MG is non known. One theory is the status may be triggered by a virus or other infection that has a similar construction to a portion of the acetylcholine receptor. Sometimes adult females with MG who give birth transmit these peculiar antibodies to their babes, doing musculus failing in the baby. This is called neonatal myasthenia and occurs in approximately 12 % of babes whose female parent has MG. â€Å" It is different from inborn myasthenia because the infant gets better in a few hebdomads as the antibody blood degrees go down † ( MediResource, 2013 ) . The other abnormalcy that frequently shows up in people with myasthenia gravis is an hyperactive, overlarge, or otherwise nonfunctional Thymus. The Thymus is a secretory organ located where the cervix joins the thorax. It is of import for the normal development of the immune system. Normally, the Thymus is larger in childhood than in maturity and becomes inactive around pubescence. In people with MG, nevertheless, it frequently keeps traveling into maturity ( MediResource, 2013 ) . Some people with MG turn out to hold a thymoma ( a tumour in the Thymus ) . This is a type of malignant neoplastic disease, but really few people die of thymomas ( MediResource, 2013 ) . The most common symptoms of MG are the dual vision which is called diplopia, every bit good as saging palpebras which is called ptosis, and musculus failing that normally gets worse after exercising or at the terminal of the twenty-four hours and improves with remainder. ` Swallowing troubles are of peculiar concern as they can be unsafe. MG typically does good at the beginning of a repast but tyre at the terminal, do get downing excessively hard. Some deteriorate to name where there is entire loss of ability to masticate and get down. At this point, nutrient may lodge in the pharynx, or nutrient and drink may get down to travel the incorrect manner, for illustration into the trachea, doing coughing and choking. Foods which may trip MG symptoms may be: Very hot, Spicy, Dry and britty Foods which require a batch of masticating attempt, such as tough meats or chewy Sweets, could besides pall out the myasthenic and cause trouble in get downing ( Boyce, 2013 ) . Many people with MG upset find it temporarily impossible to eat may hold to be admitted to a infirmary and be fed intravenously. Of more immediate danger is when the disease causes trouble in breathingaˆÂ ¦This is called a myasthenic crisis, and it ‘s responsible for most of the little figure of deceases due to myasthenia gravis. Peoples with take a breathing jobs must travel to a infirmary instantly. ( Boyce, 2013 ) How is Myasthenia Gravis treated? Today, MG can be controlled. There are several therapies available to assist cut down and better musculus failing. Medicines used to handle the upset include anticholinesterase agents such as Prostigmin and pyridostigmine, which help better neuromuscular transmittal and increase musculus strength. Immunosuppressive drugs such as Orasone, cyclosporine, and Imuran may besides be used. These medicines improve musculus strength by stamp downing the production of unnatural antibodies. They must be used with careful medical followup because they may do major side effects ( Nursing Link, 2013 ) . What is the forecast? With intervention, the mentality for most patients with MG is bright: they will hold important betterment of their musculus failing and they can anticipate to take normal or about normal lives. Some instances of MG may travel into remittal temporarily and muscle failing may vanish wholly so that medicines can be discontinued. Stable, durable complete remittals are the end of thymectomy. In a few instances, the terrible failing of MG may do a crisis which requires immediate exigency medical attention ( Nursing Link, 2013 ) . How is Myasthenia Gravis Diagnosed? The first stairss of naming MG include a reappraisal of the person ‘s medical history, and physical and neurological scrutinies. The marks a doctor must look for are impairment of oculus motions or musculus failing without any alterations in the person ‘s ability to experience things. If the physician suspects MG, several trials are available to corroborate the diagnosing. A particular blood trial can observe the presence of immune molecules or acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Most patients with MG have abnormally elevated degrees of these antibodies. However, antibodies may non be detected in patients with lone optic signifiers of the disease ( Nursing Link, 2013 ) . Another trial is called the edrophonium trial. This attack requires the endovenous disposal of edrophonium chloride or tensionA ® , a drug that blocks the debasement ( breakdown ) of acetylcholine and temporarily increases the degrees of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. In people with MG affecting the oculus musculuss, edrophonium chloride will briefly alleviate failing. Other methods to corroborate the diagnosing include a version of nervus conductivity survey which trials for specific musculus â€Å" weariness † by insistent nervus stimulation. This trial records weakening musculus responses when the nervousnesss are repetitively stimulated. Insistent stimulation of a nervus during a nervus conductivity survey may show decreases of the musculus action potency due to impaired nerve-to-muscle transmittal ( Nursing Link, 2013 ) . The Future The hereafter of Myasthenia Gravis lies in the elucidation of the molecular immunology of the anti-acetylcholine receptor response with the end of developing a rational intervention for the unwellness that will bring around the abnormalcy in the immune system that consequences in the AChR immune response. To this terminal, six wide classs of theoretical intervention schemes need to be explored. First, those interventions which target the antigen specific B-cells ; Second, those interventions which target the antigen specific CD4+ T-cells ; Third, those interventions which interfere with co-stimulatory response for antigen presentation, Fourth, interventions aimed at bring oning tolerance or anergy of the CD4+ T-cell to the car antigen or the CD4+ epitopes ; Fifth, those interventions designed to excite those immunological circuits which activate CD8+ cells specific for the activation antigens expressed by CD4+ cells and Sixth, those interventions which intervene with cytokine map and discourage autoimmune mediated inflammatory responses ( Howard, 2010 ) .

Analysis of “On Being a Cripple” by Nancy Mairs

The descriptive essay, â€Å"On Being A Cripple,† by Nancy Mairs demonstrates a purpose to postulate the way society has brainwashed people to judge others incorrectly in order to expose the true thoughts of a person living beneath the glamorized world. Mairs strongly feels that â€Å"[she has not] lost anything in the course of this calamitous disease† (37), known as Multiple Sclerosis, a disease that deteriorates the nerves and interferes with brain and body communication because the immune system has eaten away the protective covering on the nerve cells.To assert her confidence, Mairs initiates her essay with a strong, simple term to define herself: â€Å"a cripple† (37). She wants society to â€Å"wince† (37) in order to portray that candy coated euphemisms have made society weak. Mairs does not want her readers to feel sympathy, but to see the perspective of a person with the disease. Towards the end of the essay, Mairs is reflects back on society's w ays by comparing herself to other women who have the same disease and by declating she is â€Å"not a disease† (43) magnifies what this condition is to her on a more personal level.This disease is not just a besetment, it is a part of her life. Mairs exemplifies her suggested use of â€Å"cripple† by alluding to the â€Å"Lindsfarne Gospel† (37), which contains the first use of the word â€Å"cripple. † Mairs uses this to allow the audience to view the world in a more formal way. Therefore, a gospel might put on a different view of â€Å"cripple† rather than an impolite slang term.Her goal is to create an acceptance and understanding of the word and her condition to the society and the people who are living with the condition as well. Mairs points out numerous times that she has as learned to live through her disease in which she compares herself to many others who have MS yet gave up on trying to live their life; Mairs sees herself â€Å"like fat people, who are expected to be jolly,† (41) but states â€Å"cripples must bear their lot meekly and cheerfully,† (41) creating a comparison for herself.Subsequently, Mairs has added on more pressure for herself. Although she claims that she is against society's ways, she cares about the expectations they give her, later adding â€Å"this is a class act† (41). Trying to please society and herself at the same time is difficult for Mairs as she â€Å"[winds] up feeling like Tiny Tim, peering over the edge of the table†¦waving [her] crutch† (41), but prefers to be a â€Å"Caliban, a most scurvy monster† (42).When she feels like â€Å"Tiny Tim† (41), she is viewing herself how the world views her, a person who is disabled. Mairs would rather classify herself as a â€Å"Caliban† (42) or a â€Å"cripple† to evoke society to â€Å"wince† (37) at her and see her as the strong woman that she truly is. Nancy Mairs' purpose is to leave an effect on her readers to help them understand her feelings about the pressure society has established and how it has changed her and the rest of humanity in order to prove them wrong.

Overpopulation Essay

Overpopulation Essay There are many issues today that pose a threat to our way of life. Overpopulation is a serious problem that will eventually have an extremely negative effect on our countries, and our planet. The problems that arise due to overpopulation could even prove to a fatal epidemic that will eventually wipeout the entire human race. Oftentimes this issue is overlooked due to lack of knowledge and understanding of the subject; or, simply because most of us are so blessed that we are not affected first hand by the problems it is causing this very second. Overpopulation, in my belief, is an enormously serious global issue that should be identified, analyzed, and controlled immediately. The term overpopulation literally means that the number of things (in this case: humans) that depend on resources for survival is significantly larger than the amount of resources available to them. Today our planet is experiencing the effects of multiplying citizens because of the obstacles the environment is being forced to take on. Many believe that Earth is presently occupied by to many people (Stefoff 16). Year after year the population multiplies faster and faster. â€Å"Currently the world population is growing by 80 million people a year† (Hohm, Jones, and Lio 116). Presently, there are about 6 billion people occupying this planet, and by the middle of the approaching century the U.N. predicts that the count will reach 9.4 billion (Mitchell). Both developed and developing countries are at risk of the dangerous problems that overpopulation can and will create. â€Å"Nearly sixty percent of the increase will occur in Asia†¦China’s population will swell from 1.2 billion to 1.5 billion, India’s is projected to soar from 930 million to 1.53 billion. In the Middle East and North Africa, the population will probably more than double, and in Sub-Saharan Africa, it will triple† (Mitchell). â€Å"Population is determined by the interplay of two factors. One is the birth rate, or the number or people being born, and the other is death rate, or the number who die. The different between the two is call the rate of natural increase† (Stefoff 25). If the number of deaths is less than the number of births then the population is growing larger; consequently, if the number of deaths is greater than the number of births then the population is decreasing (Stefoff 25). A major factor that is sometimes overlooked is the idea that rapid growth will occur due to the larger size of the new reproductive generation in comparison with the much less past reproductive generations. This means that in the next twenty-five years about 3 billion people will begin the reproductive phase of their lives; while only approximately 1.8 billion people will withdraw from that stage of life (Mitchell). Uncontrolled, immature reproduction is a leading cause of overcrowding. Diseases and medical a dvances that cause a decrease in deaths are also aspects that affect population. Education, economic activity, and changes in standards of living all play a part in the increase of population (Commoner). Different concepts and appearances in our surroundings trick people into thinking that any problems with overpopulation are non-existent. Nations are separated into two categories: those with fast population increases, and those with slower population increases (Ehrlich 17). This division among nations is presented in the following quote: â€Å"An increasingly divided human community will degrade the global environment further as fraction within it struggle to dominate each other and exploit what remains of the nature’s resources. Political leaders must realize instead that we will need to build a compassionate sense of human community in a world scale to match the global environmental crisis that confronts everyone† (Hohm, Jones, and Lio 137). The world has enough wealth to make it appear that there are no population issues, but the wealth does not do any good because of its uneven distribution. The less fortunate nations have a greater birth rate because of poverty (C ommoner). Poverty stricken nations will double in human count in twenty years if they continue at their present rate. One hundred twenty years is the doubling time for more prosperous nations. This happens because of social and economic differences between the two; such as, human misery, diseases, and standards of living (Ehrlich 42). I would now like to introduce the Malthusian theories. Thomas Robert Malthus was one of the first to study population (Stefoff 34). â€Å"A population eventually becomes to big for its resource base, and then famine, war, and disease will impose population limits† (Stefoff 34). He has his own theory about population that states as follows: â€Å"The power of population is indefinately greater than the power in the Earth to produce substances for man.† This is further explained by his belief that populations increase geometrically (1-2-4-8-16), while resources can only grow  arithmetically (1-2-3-4-5) (). This theory is obviously logical simply because without food everyone will become malnutritioned and eventually starve to death. Food shortage gets a very small amount of attention among well-fed Americans because â€Å"we† have no reason to be aware or concerned about the danger that the shortages promote. Now that is becoming a more serious issue people are s lowly gaining awareness thanks to media such as news coverage (Ehrlich 21). Malnutrition is a problem in all parts of the world. Each year 40-60 million humans in underdeveloped countries die of starvation or illnesses related to it. Lack of nutrition can cause sicknesses such as anemia, rickets, pellagra as well. Poor immunity is also an outcome that puts people in danger of catching things like influenza, tetanus, measles, and tuberculosis (Stefoff 54). Many different circumstances and situation account for the rise and fall of population numbers. Along with rapid population growth come dangerous environmental problems. Population growth has contributed to every threat to our ecosystem. Overpopulation is the root of environmental deteriorations such as: global warming, the ozone holes, rainforest destruction, pollution, and many more. Global warming is the planet’s overall temperature rising because of a greater of concentration of greenhouse gases in the air. Human actives, including respiration, release these gases causing the Earth to heat slowly (Stefoff 39). Forests are being cut down quicker than they can reproduce themselves due to human need for more space. Deforestation presents other problems, such as the death of species. Edward Wilson, a biologist, believes that each year 10,000-17,500 species of plants, bird, insects, reptiles, and mammals become instinct (Stefoff 45). Pollution increase is an obvious environment problem that will increase drastically due to overpopulation. Although not mentioned very often , crime is one more negative effect that overpopulation would have on the world as far as social troubles are concerned. Now that I have discussed some of the causes of overpopulation, and the negative effects I would like to propose a few possibilities, that I have found throughout my research, to stop, or at least balance out the growing population size. Reducing birth rates by utilizing different strategies is the most prominent of these ideas. Increasing the legal marital age would postpone child bearing (Mitchell). One well-known method is called family planning. This method works by making birth control pills easily accessible, providing places for termination of pregnancies to occur, and helping people become more knowledgeable about abortions and contraception (Commoner). Laws could be passed making birth control mandintory, similar to the laws in China. According to Chinese law families would be faced with penalties if they had more than one offspring (Stefoff 87). Other nations enforce even stricter laws. All sources agreed that controlling birth rate and death rate would be the most effectiv e way of stabilizing population. The causes and effects of overpopulation covers such a vast array of ideas that it is impossible for one to cover every important detail of this ever growing environmental concern. In this semi-extensive research I have only taken the opportunity to provide the basic facts that are necessary in understanding that the rapid growth of our population needs our immediate attention. In conclusion, the world’s population will continue to grow as long as birth rate exceeds death rate. As far as resources are concerned, it is apparent that the era of cheap energy, adequate amounts of food, and necessary open spaces is coming to an end. Regardless of whether we admit it or not, our attempts to stabilize population, or our failure to do so, will have a devastating affect on our lives, and our home: Mother Earth. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Overpopulation topics at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. High quality and no plagiarism guarantee! Get professional essay writing help at an affordable cost.

Steel Properties and History

Steel Properties and History Steel is an alloy of iron that contains carbon. Typically the carbon content ranges from  0.002% and 2.1%  by weight. Carbon makes steel harder than pure iron. The carbon atoms make it more difficult for dislocations in the iron crystal lattice to slide past each other. There are many different types of steel.  Steel contains additional elements, either as impurities or added to confer desirable properties. Most steel contains  manganese,  phosphorus,  sulfur,  silicon, and trace amounts of aluminum,  oxygen, and nitrogen. Intentionally addition of nickel, chromium, manganese, titanium,  molybdenum,  boron, niobium and other metals influence the hardness, ductility, strength, and other properties of steel. Steel History The oldest piece of steel is a piece of ironware that was recovered from an archaeological site in Anatolia, dating back to about 2000 BC. Steel from ancient Africa dates back to 1400 BC. How Steel Is Made Steel contains iron and carbon, but when iron ore is smelted, it contains too much carbon to confer desirable properties for steel. Iron ore pellets are remelted and processed to reduce the amount of carbon. Then, additional elements are added and the steel is either continuously cast or made into ingots. Modern steel is made from pig iron  using one of two processes. About 40% of steel is made using the  basic oxygen furnace (BOF) process. In this process, pure oxygen is blown into melted iron, reducing the amounts of carbon, manganese, silicon, and phosphorus. Chemicals called fluxes further reduce levels of  sulfur and phosphorus in the metal.  In the United States, the BOF process recycles  25-35%  scrap steel to make new steel. In the U.S., the  electric arc furnace (EAF) process is used to make about 60% of steel, consisting nearly entirely of recycled scrap steel. Learn More List of Iron AlloysWhy Stainless Steel Is StainlessDamascus SteelGalvanized Steel

Homeopathy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Homeopathy - Essay Example Conventional medicine is the system being practiced by medical degree holders such as medical doctors and the medical practitioners who work with registered nurses, therapists, and psychologists. It is also referred to as mainstream medicine, or "regular" medicine. Complementary medicine, when practiced alone, is used along with conventional medicine to supplement the latter. An example of complementary medicine is the intake of plant extracts and juices believed to have extraordinary therapeutic effects to supplement conventional medicine. The use of alternative medicine, on the other hand, most of the time replaces conventional medicine. For example, a cancer patient may choose to engage in a series of practices including diets and supplements instead of going through the methods of conventional medicine which may include surgery and chemotherapy. Integrative medicine is defined as a practice that "combines mainstream medical therapies and CAM therapies for which there is some high -quality scientific evidence of safety and effectiveness" (NCCAM 2006). For some, the combination of mainstream medical therapies and CAM therapies is best than depending on a single ttype of therapy. Lastly, Complementary and alternative medicine, or CAM, is "a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine" (NCCAM 2006). It is a movement that is seeking ways to treat illness with minimal disruption of the internal environment of the body. A more organized and established example of alternative medicine is the practice of homeopathy. This form of alternative healing, which dates back to 200 years ago, uses a different approach in diagnosing and treating medical conditions. It is primarily based on the Law of Similars which promotes curing "like with like" which means that "small, highly weak & diluted quantities of medicinal substances is given to treat symptoms, but when the same substances are given at higher or more concentrated doses would actually cause those symptoms in patient" (Weiner & Goss 6). Homeopathy is one among the many approaches to complementary and alternative healing. Its increasing popularity over time and its worldwide success indicate that like most approaches to health care, it should be chosen with considerable care, and considered only as an alternative should other approaches to healing such as "conventional medicine" have proven unsuccessful. There are however some doubts on the usefulness and affectivity of the practice of homeopathy. The modern medical practice as we know it is well founded on scientific studies and proofs. There is a growing trend in modern society to seek natural healing treatment for various illnesses that plague mankind. Homeopathy, despite considered to be unscientific by some, is one of those CAM that society is willing to try. The main reason is the that modern medicine, which is based on pharmaceutical products, do not address all the concerns of the ailing public. People want more preventive and natural remedies and don't want to become human experiments for pharmaceutical drugs. Most pharmaceutical products have harmful side effects, sad to say, some of these side effects